# Complex Adaptive System https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_adaptive_system A Complex Adaptive System (CAS) is a dynamic network of interactions where the behavior of the whole system is not easily predictable from the behavior of its individual components. It is characterized by its ability to adapt and self-organize in response to changes in the environment. John H. Holland describes CAS as systems with numerous components, often referred to as agents, that interact, adapt, or learn. These systems are found in various domains, including natural and social sciences, and exhibit properties like self-similarity, emergence, and resilience. Complex environments are dynamic in nature: cause and effect relationships can only be deduced in retrospect.